成功人士使用的15种心智模式
Mental models have always been a topic of discussion, and for good reasons. They help us understand how people think and what spurs them to do what they do. Have you ever wondered what happens in successful people’s minds and what they have in common? No matter how diverse their actions might seem, everyone will often fit into one of the categories. Welcome to Alux.com, where future billionaires come to get inspired. If you don’t feel like reading the article here’s the video version:
心智模型一直是讨论的话题，而且理由很充分。它们帮助我们理解人们是如何思考的，是什么促使他们去做他们所做的事情。你有没有想过成功人士的脑子里会发生什么，他们有什么共同点？不管他们的行为看起来有多不同，每个人通常都属于其中一类。欢迎来到Alux.com，未来的亿万富翁将在这里获得灵感。如果你不想读这篇文章，这里有视频版本:
1.Incentive
The concept of incentives holds that you persuade individuals to take action by promising to reward them with something they want.
We, by default, act in our own interests. Incentive, as a mental model, is used by successful people to achieve their set objectives by giving others the reason to do as they say.
Successful people often ask themselves how they can satisfy the needs of those working for them so that they can be in the right mental space to work better for the business.
Most importantly, they find ways to prevent their strategy from failing due to the discrepancies between other people’s incentives and theirs.
1.动机
激励的概念认为，你通过承诺奖励人们想要的东西来说服他们采取行动。
默认情况下，我们按照自己的利益行事。激励，作为一种心理模型，被成功人士用来通过给别人按他们说的去做的理由来实现他们设定的目标。
成功的人经常问自己如何满足为他们工作的人的需求，这样他们就可以在正确的思维空间里更好地为企业工作。
最重要的是，他们会想办法防止自己的策略因为别人的动机和自己的动机之间的差异而失败。
2.Margin of safety
Margins of safety are thought patterns that encourage the adoption of backups and fallbacks in the event of system failure or other unplanned circumstances.
If you needed to build a bridge to carry 3-tonne trucks, planning with a margin of safety may entail building the bridge to hold 10 tonnes altogether.
Redundancy and margin of safety are related concepts, but instead of creating a backup copy of a system’s essential components, margin of safety requires planning for extra space than is actually required.
2.安全系数
安全边际是在系统故障或其他意外情况下鼓励采用备份和回退的思维模式。
如果你需要建造一座桥来承载3吨重的卡车，规划时要有一定的安全系数，这可能需要建造一座总共承载10吨重的桥。
冗余和安全裕度是相关的概念，但是安全裕度要求规划超出实际需要的额外空间，而不是创建系统基本组件的备份副本。
3.Preferential treatment
Imagine a race between two runners. Water and energy bars are awarded to the first runner to cross the one-mile marker, while other people receive nothing. This is what preferential treatment is.
We see preferential treatment in business when the best-performing assets are given the most resources to get even better.
Successful people use this in a variety of ways.
When they believe that they should consolidate the losses in areas they are not good at, they pour resources into their best-performing gigs, and then they observe when the attention is given to something and can divert this effort to other areas if need be.
The temptation to just serve material to your most qualified leads might be strong.
However, in the process, you could be overlooking those who are just starting to learn about your company or who take a little longer to open emails and download particular information.
3.优惠待遇
想象一下两个赛跑者之间的比赛。水和能量棒会奖励给第一个越过一英里标志的人，而其他人什么也得不到。这就是优待。
当表现最好的资产被给予最多的资源以变得更好时，我们会在商业中看到优惠待遇。
成功人士以各种方式利用这一点。
当他们认为他们应该巩固他们不擅长领域的损失时，他们会将资源投入到他们表现最好的工作中，然后他们会观察什么时候注意力被给予了什么，如果需要的话，可以将这种努力转移到其他领域。
向你最有资格的潜在客户提供材料的诱惑可能很大。
然而，在这个过程中，你可能会忽略那些刚刚开始了解你的公司的人，或者那些花较长时间打开电子邮件和下载特定信息的人。
4.Feedback loop
Picture yourself wearing a blindfold, noise-canceling headphones, and wandering through a completely furnished room with your arms tied behind your back.
After about 20 trials of making it across the room, you will learn an important but probably painful lesson on the value of feedback loops in directing the action.
Feedback loops are created when the results of a process affect the inputs of the same process, for example, your thermostat.
Every system in the real world has a feedback loop of some kind.
Feedback loops can be positive or negative, and successful people use feedback loops to evaluate the progress they’ve made in a particular time towards their goals.
4.反馈回路
想象一下你戴着眼罩、降噪耳机，双手反绑在背后，在一个家具齐全的房间里漫步。
在大约20次穿过房间的尝试后，你会学到一个重要但可能是痛苦的教训，那就是反馈回路在指导行动中的价值。
当一个过程的结果影响到同一个过程的输入时，反馈回路就产生了，例如，你的恒温器。
现实世界中的每个系统都有某种反馈回路。
反馈回路可以是积极的，也可以是消极的，成功人士使用反馈回路来评估他们在特定时间内朝着目标所取得的进展。
5.Curiosity Instinct
Although we see other animals like cats as curious beings, we are actually the most inquisitive living things on the planet.
This curiosity propelled us out of the prehistoric era and enabled us to learn a great deal about the environment around us.
Humans invented stuff out of curiosity even before there were clear financial incentives to do so. Have you noticed how inquisitive many successful people tend to be?
Well, it’s a given; curiosity tends to promote knowledge seeking, and as long as it is the healthy kind, no matter how steep the learning curve might be or how difficult situations may present themselves, one will be encouraged to find solutions.
5.好奇本能
虽然我们把像猫这样的其他动物视为好奇的生物，但我们实际上是这个星球上最好奇的生物。
这种好奇心把我们从史前时代推了出来，并使我们对周围的环境有了更多的了解。
人类出于好奇发明了一些东西，甚至在有明确的经济动机之前就这样做了。你注意到许多成功人士有多好奇了吗？
嗯，这是既定的；好奇心倾向于促进求知，只要是健康的求知，不管学习曲线有多陡峭，或者情况有多困难，人们都会被鼓励去寻找解决方法。
6.Supply and demand
There is a finite quantity of resources at any given time, and competition for them is a fundamental constant in our ever-evolving world.
Organizations battle for limited client wealth and limited demand for their products, much like biological organisms do for limited useful energy.
A market is a collection of consumers and providers of a certain item or service.
The supply of the commodity is decided by the sellers collectively, and the demand for it is decided by the buyers collectively.
Successful people always consider the supply and demand in a market when formulating plans. That is why they always seem prepared for whatever happens.
6.供求
在任何给定的时间，资源的数量都是有限的，在我们不断发展的世界中，对资源的竞争是一个基本的常数。
组织争夺有限的客户财富和有限的产品需求，就像生物有机体争夺有限的有用能量一样。
市场是某种商品或服务的消费者和提供者的集合。
商品的供给由卖家集体决定，对商品的需求由买家集体决定。
成功的人在制定计划时总是考虑市场的供求关系。这就是为什么他们似乎总是为发生的任何事情做好准备。
7.Jealousy tendency
Jealousy results in one of two things. Either as motivation to put yourself on another person’s level, which is the beneficial kind, or the destructive kind, where one has the desire to steal and creates unhealthy competition amongst people.
Successful people channel their jealousy in a way that lets them work harder and improve their craft.
They are also careful of how they take on the competition, drawing a line where they believe it to be unhealthy.
People often feel jealous of others who have more than them and want to “obtain what is theirs” eventually.
Although it is as ancient as mankind itself, the impulse toward jealousy is powerful enough to motivate otherwise illogical actions.
Over time, any system that is unaware of the repercussions of jealousy will often set itself on fire.
7.嫉妒倾向
嫉妒会导致两种结果。要么是把自己放在另一个人的水平上的动机，这是有益的，要么是破坏性的，在这种情况下，一个人有偷窃的欲望，并在人与人之间制造不健康的竞争。
成功人士用一种让他们更加努力工作和提高技能的方式来疏导他们的嫉妒。
他们也小心翼翼地对待竞争，在他们认为不健康的地方划出一条线。
人们经常嫉妒比他们拥有更多的人，并希望最终“获得属于他们的东西”。
尽管嫉妒和人类本身一样古老，但它的力量足以激发不合逻辑的行为。
随着时间的推移，任何意识不到嫉妒的后果的系统往往会自焚。
8.Pareto principle
According to the Pareto Principle, about 80% of the consequences result from 20% of the causes.
Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist who made this discovery in 1906. In his observations, he noted that 20% of Italy’s people held 80% of the country’s land, and he noticed that this distribution was consistent throughout every sector.
Successful people use the Pareto Principle to concentrate on a small number of high-performing endeavors in order to get the best outcomes where they get the most value from what they do 20% of their time.
8.帕累托原则
根据帕累托原理，大约80%的后果源于20%的原因。
维尔弗雷多·帕累托是意大利经济学家，他在1906年发现了这一点。在他的观察中，他注意到20%的意大利人拥有全国80%的土地，他注意到这种分布在各个部门都是一致的。
成功人士运用帕累托原则，专注于少量高性能的努力，以获得最佳结果，从他们20%的时间所做的事情中获得最大价值。
9.Tribalism
Organizations are like tribes, and tribal leaders have a more significant impact than others on the culture of their own tribes. Successful and ambitious leaders concentrate on developing, adapting, and upgrading the tribal culture of their team, and this drives up their productivity.
Like a feedback loop, the tribe rewards them with loyalty and greater success.
Although tribal allegiances spur many honorable actions, they can influence people to forego good judgment and judgment accuracy in favor of a sense of belonging and devotion to a group.
9.部落制
组织就像部落，部落首领对自己部落的文化有着比其他人更重大的影响。成功和雄心勃勃的领导者专注于发展、适应和提升团队的部落文化，这提高了他们的生产力。
就像一个反馈环，部落用忠诚和更大的成功来回报他们。
尽管对部落的忠诚会刺激许多可敬的行为，但它们会影响人们放弃良好的判断和判断准确性，转而追求归属感和对群体的忠诚。
10.Compounding
No financial advice is complete without a detailed explanation of the power of compounding interest.
But it goes far beyond finances.
In practically every situation where exponential growth is observed, years of compounding is credited, whether it be riches, relationships, health, or skills.
Successful people compound their gains, preferring modest, consistent improvement over dramatic increases that cannot be sustained.
We are easily tempted to look for quick, visible solutions to things, but compounding interest helps us grow without losing what we already have.
10.合成
没有对复利力量的详细解释，任何财务建议都是不完整的。
但这远远超出了金融领域。
几乎在每一个观察到指数增长的情况下，无论是财富、关系、健康还是技能，都要归功于多年的复合增长。
成功人士会增加他们的收益，他们更喜欢适度的、持续的进步，而不是无法持续的大幅增长。
我们很容易被诱惑去寻找快速、可见的解决方案，但是复利可以帮助我们在不失去我们已经拥有的东西的情况下成长。
11.Pavlovian Association
Remember the famous dogs salivating at the sound of a bell? Ivan Pavlov very persuasively proved that animals might respond not just to direct rewards but also to related items. Like other living things, humans can feel both pleasant and negative emotions toward immaterial objects.
- These feelings are based on prior associations rather than actual events.
- Successful people condition their minds to act automatically in certain conditions.
- In sports, it is called muscle memory gotten from constant practice.
11.巴甫洛夫协会
还记得那些听到铃声就垂涎三尺的名犬吗？伊凡·巴甫洛夫非常有说服力地证明了动物不仅会对直接奖励做出反应，还会对相关项目做出反应。像其他生物一样，人类对非物质物体既能感受到愉快的情绪，也能感受到消极的情绪。
这些感觉是基于先前的联想，而不是真实的事件。
成功的人会让自己的思维在特定条件下自动行动。
在体育运动中，这被称为从不断的练习中获得的肌肉记忆。
12.Inversion
The Stoics held that by anticipating the worst-case situation, one might conquer one’s dread of unpleasant events and develop better preparations to avoid them. The Stoics thought about how they would handle failure while other people concentrated on how they could succeed.
- Inversion is the process of thought in which you contemplate the opposition to what you desire.
- Want to enhance teamwork? Consider “What could inhibit or hamper collaboration” and steer clear of that.
- Desire project success?
- What obstacles will you face along the line?
- People often mistake stoicism for nihilism and, as a result, think inversion is a bad thing.
12.倒置
斯多葛派认为，通过预测最糟糕的情况，一个人可能会克服对不愉快事件的恐惧，并为避免它们做好更好的准备。斯多葛派思考他们如何处理失败，而其他人则专注于如何成功。
反转是一个思考的过程，在这个过程中，你会思考你所渴望的事物的对立面。
想要增强团队合作？考虑“什么会抑制或妨碍协作”并避开它。
渴望项目成功？
沿线会面临哪些阻碍？
人们经常把斯多葛派误认为虚无主义，结果认为反转是一件坏事。
13.Surfing or “Riding the Wave”
In his presentation on “Elementary Worldly Wisdom,” Charlie Munger utilized the metaphor of surfing to convey the concept of a developing, powerful commercial force that a firm may ride to grow.
Surfers ride the wave’s natural tide, not against it, and do not attempt to control its tremendous ocean current.
Successful people know how to ride the waves of their emotions without disrupting their productivity.
No one can be in tip-top shape all year, so in those dark times when you want to quit. Riding out the wave is the best course of action.
Embracing your emotions yet performing efficiently is what it means to “ride the wave.”
13.冲浪还是“乘风破浪”
在他关于“初级世界智慧”的演讲中，查理·芒格用冲浪的比喻来传达一个发展中的强大商业力量的概念，公司可以借此发展壮大。
冲浪者乘着海浪的自然潮汐，而不是逆着它，也不试图控制它巨大的洋流。
成功人士知道如何驾驭自己的情绪波动，而不影响他们的工作效率。
没有人能全年都保持最佳状态，所以在那些你想放弃的黑暗时期。安然渡过难关是最好的办法。
拥抱你的情感，同时高效地表现，这就是“驾驭浪潮”的含义。
14.Working Backward
The backward working method is, if there ever was, a hidden ingredient in what major companies like Facebook and Amazon do. These companies are successful because they always manage to find unique solutions to troublesome problems.
Successful people ask themselves, What should the ideal product include? What resources do we have right now? From then on, they connect the dots. Although they have many similarities, working backward and inversion are fundamentally distinct.
14.向后工作
如果曾经有过的话，这种落后的工作方式是像脸书和亚马逊这样的大公司所做的事情中隐藏的成分。这些公司之所以成功，是因为他们总能找到解决棘手问题的独特方法。
成功的人会问自己，理想的产品应该包括什么？我们现在有什么资源？从那时起，他们把这些点联系起来。虽然它们有许多相似之处，但逆向工作和反转是根本不同的。
15.Scarcity
According to the “scarcity principle,” when opportunities are scarcer, people place a higher value on them. This prejudice results from a universal human propensity to avoid losses. Successful people make themselves reasonably scarce for people that need them the most.
They know that if they are readily available to render their services, their value will drop over time. Our understanding of the world is based on mental models. They influence not just the way we interpret and think but also the connections and opportunities that we see. No mental model is perfect, and oftentimes, they cause one’s failure due to misuse.
Notwithstanding, the finest mental models from those fields have helped us build roads and bridges. Create new technologies, and even travel to other planets. Have you wondered how to make better decisions without wasting valuable time? We made a video that gives the best tips and practices titled ‘How To Hack Your Brain Into Making Better Decisions. We’re sure you’ll love it. If you liked this video, please leave a like, and subscribe to the channel for more content like this.
15.稀缺
根据“稀缺性原则”，当机会越来越少时，人们会赋予它们更高的价值。这种偏见源于人类避免损失的普遍倾向。成功人士让自己在最需要他们的人面前显得相当稀缺。
他们知道，如果他们随时可以提供服务，他们的价值会随着时间的推移而下降。我们对世界的理解是基于心智模型的。它们不仅影响我们解释和思考的方式，也影响我们看到的联系和机会。没有一个心智模型是完美的，通常，它们会因为误用而导致失败。
尽管如此，这些领域中最优秀的心智模型帮助我们建造了道路和桥梁。创造新技术，甚至去其他星球旅行。你是否想过如何在不浪费宝贵时间的情况下做出更好的决策？我们制作了一个视频，提供了最好的技巧和实践，名为“如何让你的大脑做出更好的决定”。我们相信你会喜欢的。如果你喜欢这个视频，请留下一个喜欢，并订阅更多这样的内容。